NOUN
The word noun means name. Nouns are names of persons, places, things, idea, quality, or state. The noun is a naming word.
A noun is a word that identifies:
- a person (woman, boy, doctor, neighbour)
- a thing (dog, building, tree, country)
- an idea, quality, or state (truth, danger, birth, happiness).
There are several different types of noun, as follows:
Common noun
A common noun is a noun that refers to people or things in general.
E.g. boy, country, bridge, city, birth, day, happiness.
Proper noun
A proper noun is a name that identifies a particular person, place, or thing.
E.g. Steven, Africa, London, Monday.
Note: In written English, proper nouns begin with capital letters.
Concrete noun
A concrete noun is a noun that refers to people and to things that exist physically and can be seen, touched, smelled, heard, or tasted.
Eg: dog, building, coffee, tree, rain, beach, tune.
Abstract noun
An abstract noun is a noun that refers to ideas, qualities, and conditions – things that cannot be seen or touched and things that have no physical reality.
E.g. truth, danger, happiness, time, friendship, humor.
Collective nouns
Collective nouns refer to groups of people or things.
E.g. audience, family, government, team, jury.
In American English, most collective nouns are treated as singular, with a singular verb.
The whole family was at the table.
In British English, the preceding sentence would be correct, but it would also be correct to treat the collective noun as a plural, with a plural verb.
The whole family were at the table.
For more information about this, see matching verbs to collective nouns.
NOTE:
A noun may belong to more than one category. For example, happiness is both a common noun and an abstract noun, while Mount Everest is both a concrete noun and a proper noun.
Count and Uncountable nouns
Nouns can be either countable or uncountable.
Countable nouns (or count nouns) are those that refer to something that can be counted.
Uncountable nouns (or mass nouns) do not typically refer to things that can be counted and so they do not regularly have a plural form.
Compound Nouns
2 or more words that create a noun.
Examples: rainfall, son-in-law, credit card, boyfriend
Noun Gender
In general, there is no distinction between masculine, feminine in English nouns. However, gender is sometimes shown by different forms or different words when referring to people or animals.
EXAMPLES
Masculine | Feminine | Gender-neutral |
man | woman | person |
father | mother | parent |
boy | girl | child |
uncle | aunt | |
husband | wife | spouse |
actor | actress | |
prince | princess | |
waiter | waitress | server |
rooster | hen | chicken |
stallion | mare | horse |
Nouns Singular and Plural
Most singular nouns form the plural by adding -s. But there are exceptions, look at the table, and study it to see all exceptions.
Note:
A singular noun ending in s, x, z, ch, sh makes the plural by adding-es.
Singular → Plural
bus → buses
wish → wishes
pitch → pitches
box → boxes
A singular noun ending in a consonant and then y makes the plural by dropping the y and adding-ies.
Singular → Plural
penny → pennies
spy → spies
baby → babies
city → cities
daisy → daisies
No Change:
Singular → Plural
sheep → sheep
fish → fish
deer → deer
species → species
aircraft → aircraft